What is the minimum age to vote in the Philippines?

18 years old. The voter must also have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place of voting for at least 6 months.

May the President of the Philippines be re-elected?

No. The President serves a single 6-year term and is not eligible for any re-election — an absolute bar.

How long is a Senator's term, and how many consecutive terms may they serve?

6 years per term; a maximum of 2 consecutive terms.

How long is a Representative's term, and how many consecutive terms may they serve?

3 years per term; a maximum of 3 consecutive terms.

What is the minimum age to be elected President of the Philippines?

40 years old. The President must also be a natural-born citizen, a registered voter, able to read and write, and a Philippine resident for at least 10 years before the election.

What is the minimum age to be elected Senator?

35 years old (on the day of the election), natural-born, a registered voter, able to read and write, and a resident of the Philippines for at least 2 years.

A child is born abroad to a Filipino mother and a foreign father. Is the child a Filipino citizen?

Yes. Philippine citizenship follows jus sanguinis (by blood) — a child whose father OR mother is a Filipino citizen is a citizen.

Police want to search a person's home. What does the Constitution require first?

A valid search warrant issued upon probable cause, personally determined by a judge after examination under oath, and particularly describing the place and things to be seized.

A suspect is taken into custody. What rights must they be informed of before questioning?

The right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel (preferably of their own choice) — the Miranda rights. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and with counsel.

In a criminal trial, what does the Constitution presume about the accused?

The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty. They also have the rights to be heard, to counsel, to confront witnesses, and to a speedy, impartial, and public trial.

How many members sit on the Supreme Court, and when do they retire?

15 — one Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. They serve until the mandatory retirement age of 70.

Under what two circumstances may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended?

Only in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it — for a period not exceeding 60 days.

A new ordinance punishes an act that was legal when it was done. Why is this unconstitutional?

It is an ex post facto law — the Constitution prohibits laws that retroactively criminalize or increase punishment for past acts. Bills of attainder are likewise prohibited.

1987 Constitution Essentials

The age, term, residency, and rights specifics the exam actually asks — President vs Senator term limits, voting age, citizenship by blood, and the Bill of Rights in plain situations.

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